分类： 词法

пое́хать 乘交通工具去，来 св поедем(те) 定向 I 特殊 поеду поедешь поедет поедуем поедуете поедут пое́хал пое́хала пое́хали пое́хало

想去哪（何时，为什么）

пойти 走、 去 св 走|去一趟 пойдём(те) 定向 I 特殊 пойду пойдёшь пойдёт пойдём пойдёте пойдут пошёл пошёла пошёли пошёло

своими глазами 亲眼看到

• 在几点时间的动作常用未完成体

четверть 一刻. третий час第三个时段 половина 二分之一. ноль. день – дня полдень полночь

回答 сколько времени?的问题用未完成体（= как лолго?多久/多长时间了?），强调动作用了多长时间。

现在几点了

 сколько сейчас времени = который час?

сколько 多少，+2格 Время二格 времени

一、未完成体(нсв)与完成体(св)在时态中的体现

	нсв	св
将来时	буду читать	прочитатю
	我将要读书	我要把书读完
现在时	читаю	——
	我在读书
过去式	читал	прочитал
	我读过了	我读完了

• 现在时永远是未完成体

1、未完成体(нсв):

没有界限的行为，即表示行为的进行、持续、发展的过程、行为的重复，后面可以接名词复数，表经常性行为.

• 表示行为本身，行为的进行

• 表示行为的重复，后面可以接名词复数，表经常性行为.

• 表示行为持续、发展的过程

• 未完成体将来时

• 在几点时间的动作常用未完成体

2、完成体(св)

有界限的行为，一般指行为的完成、或者开始，不表明行为的过程，强调结果，后面主要接名词单数，表一次性动作

• 表示行为的结束，结果

• 表示一次性动作（平常没有的行为（未完成体），但 。。。（某个时点）一次性动作（完成体）

• 一次性动作：св +名词单数；经常性动作：нсв +名词复数

• 完成体将来时

• 回答 сколько времени?的问题用未完成体（= как лолго?多久/多长时间了?），强调动作用了多长时间。

• 用完成体动词询问是否做完..

• 用完成体表示没做完…，从而拒绝…

二、 未完成体与完成体的对比

• 完成体和未完称体，将来时

• 未完成体(нсв)与完成体(св)信号词
• 运动动词的比较 нсв св

• 两个动作是并列关系，用分别未完成体，两个动作一前一后分别用完成体

• не…. + нсв

• 未完成体、完成体在行为中的体现

 选择适当的动词填空 

试比较 стать (св) / быть (нсв) 

Being too lazy to make up many different verbs, we usually make new ones based on the old ones. The vast majority of unprefixed verbs are imperfective.

• Prefixation is the main method to create a perfective verb: писа́ть→написа́ть, идти́→пойти́.
• a different suffix is sometimes used: опа́здывать←опозда́ть
• occasionally, the stress changes: нареза́ть→наре́зать
• different stems are used for a few verbs: говори́ть→сказа́ть

The last phenomenon is known as suppletion and only happens for a limited number of verbs and their derivatives. The English verb “to go” is another example of such behavior (its past form is “went”).

Note that suffixation is very popular for secondary imperfectives. Usually only one prefixed verb is considered an “ideal match” for an imperfective verb. Others are somewhat different in meaning (or a lot different). But you need imperfective partners for these, too, so Russian uses suffixes for that:

• чита́ть = to read (imperf.)
• перечита́ть = to reread (perf.) → cannot be considered a “natural” perfective for this verb
• перечи́тывать = to reread (imperf.)

imperfective verbs

• name the action as a whole (“I can swim”)
• describe prolonged states and processes, regular actions

Perfective verbs describe events: singular, definite actions that are viewed as localized in time. They “happened” at some moment (“I made a video”, “I slept for some time and then went outside”). Or they describe a certain change of state at some “turning point” (not yet eaten→eaten, not slept enough→slept enough and ready to get up).

It is argued in a few works that “a natural” perfective is just a prefixed verb where a prefix’s metaphorical meaning so conveniently overlaps the verb’s own meaning, that you cannot feel any change. So don’t be surprised if some vague actions have several perfective matches for a single imperfective verb.

That also means that sometimes you’d better memorize a pair even if it is technically a “poor” match. After all, in some contexts it will come in handy:

• есть → съе́сть (to consume something, completely)
• есть → пое́сть (to have a meal, to spend some time eating—regardless of whether you finish your meal or decide you’ve had enough half-way)

Perfective vs. Imperfective

Certainly use imperfective when specifying the manner in which the action should be performed.

Use perfective when asking for a simple action that is not a really obvious next action.

(for example, with “please” and following details; it is rare you would politely ask for an obvious thing to do)

There is also the important permission/denial pattern: use imperfective when NOT letting something.

MAY YOU DO IT?	Example
yes + imperf.	«Можно открыть окно?» — «Да, открывай». (I don’t mind)
yes + perf.	«Можно открыть окно?» — «Да, открой». (support)
neg. + imperf.	Не открывай ничего. (do not allow)

动词体的意义及练习